Fiber Optic Tutorials

This is a continuation from the previous tutorial - Timing synchronization in coherent optical transmission systems.     1. INTRODUCTION Carrier recovery is another important building block for modern coherent optical communication systems. Since both amplitude and phase of an optical carrier are used for carrying the data, phase and frequency synchronization between the signal source and the local oscillator (LO) is required in order to correctly demodulate a coherently modulated optical signal. Early coherent optical communication experiments (1980s to early 1990s) employed optical phase-locked loops (PLLs) for phase synchronization; however, this type of optical method was too complex for practical implementation....

This is a continuation from the previous tutorial - Optical beams and resonators: an introduction   1. PARAXIAL OPTICAL RAYS AND RAY MATRICES Ray matrices or "ABCD matrices" are widely used to describe the propagation of geometrical optical rays through paraxial optical elements, such as lenses, curved mirrors, and "ducts." These ray matrices also turn out to be very useful for describing a large number of other optical beam and resonator problems, including even problems that involve the diffractive nature of light. Therefore, we begin the discussion of optical beams and resonators with a detailed review of paraxial ray theory and...

This is a continuation from the previous tutorial - Camera Lenses   1. INTRODUCTION   Historic Overview The optical principles and basic lens design needed to generate a diffraction-limited, highly magnified image with the light microscope were already essentially perfected a century ago. Ernst Abbe demonstrated how a minimum of two successive orders of diffracted light had to be captured in order for a particular spacing to be resolved (see historical sketch about Abbe principle). Thus, he explained and demonstrated with beautiful experiments the role of the wavelength of the imaging light and the numerical aperture \((\text{NA}, \text{NA}=n\sin\Theta,\) Fig. 1) of...

This is a continuation from the previous tutorial - Cameras   1.  INTRODUCTION Camera lenses have been discussed in a large number of books and articles. The approach in this chapter is to concentrate on modern types and to describe imaging performance in detail both in terms of digital applications and in terms of the optical transfer function. By modern types, we mean lens forms that were found on cameras in 1992. The chapter deals almost entirely with lenses for the 35-mm (24 \(\times\) 36-mm) format. This limitation is unfortunate but not really inappropriate, given the widespread use of this format....

This is a continuation from the previous tutorial - Liquid Crystals.   1. Introduction Thanks to technical progress and vigorous competition , the camera buyer faces a difficult challenge in making a choice. This chapter will attempt to reduce the difficulty by asking the buyer to consider the final image; its purpose, its audience, and its appearance. Next, some of the more recent technical features are discussed. These include the intriguing ability to select objects in a scene for focus and/ or exposure measurement by tracking the position of the user’s eye. Finally, various types of cameras and their accessories...