>> What is Jitter and Wander? 1. Jitter: Jitter is the short-term phase variations of the significant instants of a digital signal from their ideal positions in time. It is the deviation of the significant instants of...Read more »
Jitter and Wander Testing for Fiber Optic Systems
>> What is Jitter and Wander? 1. Jitter: Jitter is the short-term phase variations of the significant instants of a digital signal from their ideal positions in time. It is the deviation of the significant instants of...Read more »
Surface Emitting Lasers
Most semiconductor lasers have cleaved facets that form the optical cavity. The facets are perpendicular to the surface of the wafer and light is emitted parallel to the surface of the wafer. But for many applications requiring a two-dimensional laser array or...Read more »
Fiber Optic Components PDL (Polarization Dependent Loss) Measurement with Polarization Scanning and Mueller Method
In many cases, it is not sufficient to eliminate the PDL influence from the insertion-loss result. Instead, the PDL is considered as a separate characteristic and must be measured in addition...Read more »
How to Test a Fiber Optic System with an OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectomer)
>> The Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) OTDR is connected to one end of any fiber optic system up to 250km in length. Within a few seconds, we are able to...Read more »
What is the Optical Layer in an Optical Network?
>> The Protocol Stacks The classic 7 layers OSI model view of networks needs some embellishment to handle the variety of networks and protocols that are proliferating today. A more realistic layered model for today’s networks...Read more »
Second-Generation Optical Networks – A Brief Overview
>> The Advantages of Optical Networks 1. Flexible Bandwidth Delivery In addition to providing enormous capacities in the network, an optical network provides a common infrastructure over which a variety of services can be delivered. These optical networks...Read more »
Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 7)
————————————————————————————————————— Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 1) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 2) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 3) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A...Read more »
Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 6)
————————————————————————————————————— Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 1) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 2) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 3) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A...Read more »
Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 5)
————————————————————————————————————— Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 1) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 2) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 3) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A...Read more »
Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 4)
————————————————————————————————————— Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 1) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 2) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 3) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A...Read more »
Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 3)
————————————————————————————————————— Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 1) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 2) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 3) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A...Read more »
Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 2)
————————————————————————————————————— Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 1) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 2) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 3) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A...Read more »
Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 1)
————————————————————————————————————— Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 1) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 2) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A Complete and Quick Tutorial (Part 3) Fiber Optics for Telecommunication–A...Read more »
What Is a Virtual LAN (VLAN) and IEEE 802.1Q?
>> What Is a Virtual LAN (VLAN)? A LAN is a local area network and is defined as all devices in the same broadcast domain. Here is a typical LAN structure. In the above LAN configuration,...Read more »
Line Coding in Digital Communication
>> What is Line Coding? In telecommunication, a line code (also called digital baseband modulation, also called digital baseband transmission method) is a code chosen for use within a communications system for baseband transmission purposes. Line coding is often used...Read more »
The OSI Reference Model
What is OSI 7 Layer Model? In 1978, ISO developed an architecture that would allow the devices of different manufacturers to work together to communicate with different operating systems. In 1984, the ISO architecture became an international standard known as the...Read more »