Fiber Optic Tutorials

This is a continuation from the previous tutorial - Cameras   1.  INTRODUCTION Camera lenses have been discussed in a large number of books and articles. The approach in this chapter is to concentrate on modern types and to describe imaging performance in detail both in terms of digital applications and in terms of the optical transfer function. By modern types, we mean lens forms that were found on cameras in 1992. The chapter deals almost entirely with lenses for the 35-mm (24 \(\times\) 36-mm) format. This limitation is unfortunate but not really inappropriate, given the widespread use of this format....

This is a continuation from the previous tutorial - Liquid Crystals.   1. Introduction Thanks to technical progress and vigorous competition , the camera buyer faces a difficult challenge in making a choice. This chapter will attempt to reduce the difficulty by asking the buyer to consider the final image; its purpose, its audience, and its appearance. Next, some of the more recent technical features are discussed. These include the intriguing ability to select objects in a scene for focus and/ or exposure measurement by tracking the position of the user’s eye. Finally, various types of cameras and their accessories...

This is a continuation from the last tutorial - Timing Synchronization in Coherent Optical Transmission Systems.   1. INTRODUCTION The electro-optic effect is one of several means to impose information on, or modulate, a light wave carrier. Electro-optic devices have been developed for application in communications , analog and digital signal processing, information processing, optical computing, and sensing. Example devices include phase and amplitude modulators, multiplexers, switch arrays, couplers, polarization controllers, deflectors, Givens rotation devices, correlators, A/D converters, multichannel processors, matrix-matrix and matrix-vector multipliers, and sensors for detecting temperature, humidity, and radio frequency electrical signals. The electro-optic effect allows for...

This is a continuation from the previous tutorial - an introduction to optical beams and resonators.   1. Introduction A fundamental building block of modern coherent optical transport system is the timing recovery or timing synchronization circuit. Recovering the transmitted clock from the received signal is a first step in recovering the data. Only when the receive-side VCO (voltage-controlled oscillator) is phase-locked to the transmit-side VCO, the other DSP functions such as equalization and carrier recovery can commence. A typical receiver acquisition sequence will start with locking the receive VCO, followed by blind equalization (such as the constant modulus algorithm,...

This is a continuation from the previous tutorial - metal-coated fibers.   1. Transverse Modes in Optical Resonators Laser cavities differ in several significant ways from the closed microwave cavities that are commonly treated in electromagnetic theory textbooks. Optical resonators first of all usually have open sides, and hence always have diffraction losses because of energy leaking out the sides of the resonator to infinity. Optical resonators are also usually described in scalar or quasi plane-wave terms, with emphasis on the diffraction effects at apertures and mirror edges, rather than in vector terms with emphasis on matching boundary conditions. The...