Fiber Optic Tutorials

This is a continuation from the previous tutorial - the unit impulse and unit step functions.   Physical systems in the broadest sense are an interconnection of components, devices, or subsystems. In contexts ranging from signal processing and communications to electromechanical motors, automotive vehicles, and chemical-processing plants, a system can be viewed as a process in which input signals are transformed by the system or cause the system to respond in some way, resulting in other signals as outputs. For example, a high fidelity system takes a recorded audio signal and generates a reproduction of that signal. If the hi-fi...

This is a continuation from the previous tutorial - exponential and sinusoidal signals.   In this tutorial, we introduce several other basic signals-specifically, the unit impulse and step functions in continuous and discrete time- that are also of considerable importance in signal and system analysis. In later tutorials, we will see how we can use unit impulse signals as basic building blocks for the construction and representation of other signals. We begin with the discrete-time case.   1. The Discrete-Time Unit Impulse and Unit Step Sequences One of the simplest discrete-time signals is the unit impulse (or unit sample), which...

This is a continuation from the previous tutorial - transformations of the independent variable.   In this tutorial and the next, we introduce several basic continuous-time and discrete-time signals. Not only do these signals occur frequently, but they also serve as basic building blocks from which we can construct many other signals.   1. Continuous-Time Complex Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals The continuous-time complex exponential signal is of the form \[\tag{1.20}x(t)=Ce^{at}\] where \(C\) and \(a\) are, in general, complex numbers. Depending upon the values of these parameters, the complex exponential can exhibit several different characteristics.   Real Exponential Signals As illustrated in Figure 1.19, if...

This is a continuation from the previous tutorial - continuous-time and discrete-time signals.   A central concept in signal and system analysis is that of the transformation of a signal. For example, in an aircraft control system, signals corresponding to the actions of the pilot are transformed by electrical and mechanical systems into changes in aircraft thrust or the positions of aircraft control surfaces such as the rudder or ailerons, which in tum are transformed through the dynamics and kinematics of the vehicle into changes in aircraft velocity and heading. Also, in a high-fidelity audio system, an input signal representing...

Introduction The intuitive notions of signals and systems arise in a rich variety of contexts. Moreover, there is an analytical framework that is, a language for describing signals and systems and an extremely powerful set of tools for analyzing them-that applies equally well to problems in many fields. We begin our development of the analytical framework for signals and systems by introducing their mathematical description and representations. We build on this foundation in order to develop and describe additional concepts and methods that add considerably both to our understanding of signals and systems and to our ability to analyze and...