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>> What is Line Coding? In telecommunication, a line code (also called digital baseband modulation, also called digital baseband transmission method) is a code chosen for use within a communications system for baseband transmission purposes. Line coding is often used for digital data transport. Binary 1’s and 0’s, such as in PCM signaling, may be represented in various serial–bit signaling formats called line codes.   >> Why Line Coding? There are many reasons for using line coding. Each of the line codes you will be examining offers one or more of the following advantages: Spectrum Shaping and Relocation without modulation

What is OSI 7 Layer Model? In 1978, ISO developed an architecture that would allow the devices of different manufacturers to work together to communicate with different operating systems. In 1984, the ISO architecture became an international standard known as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. This architecture determines how hardware, software,topologies, and protocols exist and operate on a network. The OSI model is based on seven layers, as shown in the following figure. Each layer adds functionality to the previous layer and communicates with the layers directly above and below it. This model defines seven Layers that describe

For a proper fiber optic cable installation, it is important to obey some rules when installing fiber cables. The following tutorial lists the 7 most important factors to consider. 1. Minimum Bend Radius. Optical fiber cable installation is as simple as, and in many cases much easier than, installing coaxial or UTP cable in the horizontal. The most important factor in optical fiber cable installation is maintaining the cable’s minimum bend radius. Bending the fiber cable tighter than the minimum bend radius may result in increased attenuation and broken fibers. If the elements of the cable are not damaged, when

What is Fiber Bragg Grating – FBG A Fiber Bragg Grating FBG Device from JDSU Normal optical fibers are uniform along their lengths. In a simple fiber Bragg grating, the refractive index of the fiber core vary periodically along the length of the fiber, as shown in the following figure.   How Fiber Bragg Grating Reflects and Transmits Light As shown in the above figure, the refractive index of the fiber core is modulated with a period of Λ. When a light with a broad spectrum is launched into one end of fiber containing a fiber Bragg grating, the part

What Is Firestopping? As a cable installer, your job involves drilling holes in walls and fire-rated barriers for cable pathways. Smoke and fire spread through the holes that are not resealed. The holes in fire-rated barriers must always be resealed to reestablish the original fire rating of the barrier. Firestopping is the process of installing qualified firestop materials in all penetrations created during the installation of communication cables. The cable installer is responsible for using both approved firestopping methods and approved materials. Why Firestopping? Most people died in building fires die from toxic smoke and gases, not from direct flames.