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Definition Fusion splicing is a technique to join two fibers ends. Optical power loss at the splicing point is known as splice loss. How splice loss can be measured? An Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) can be used for splice loss measurement. A cable section-containing splices are normally shown as knees on the optical power loss OTDR graph. As per the procedure (ANSI/TIA/EIA-455-8-2000), splice loss measurements with an OTDR must be conducted from both directions and averaged (by adding with signs)for accurate splice loss. Below is the graphical picture of ‘gainers’ and ‘exaggerated losses’ measurements; the effect on actual splice

4. Testing And Troubleshooting Communications Equipment After the cable plant has been tested, the communications equipment should be properly connected using matching known-good patch cords. If the cable plant loss is within the loss budget of the equipment (including the loss of the patch cords), the communications link should work properly. If the link does not work, most likely potential problems are the following. a. Improper connections b. Cable plant problems c. Malfunctions of communications equipment 4.1. Testing And Troubleshooting Steps For Communications Equipment a. Improper connections. The system requires a transmitter be connected to a receiver, of course, so

This is intended as an overview and installation checklist for all managers, engineers and installers on the overall process of testing and troubleshooting a fiber optic communications system. 1. Once a fiber optic cable plant, network, system or link is installed, it needs to be tested for four reasons: a. to insure the fiber optic cable installation was properly installed to specified industry standards. b. to insure the equipment intended for use on the cable plant will operate properly on the cabling c. to insure the communications equipment is working to specifications d. to document the cable plant and network

3. DESIGN The schematic layout of the 4×4 channel AWG for DWDM with central wavelength of 1.55 μm is shown in Figure 2. The position of input port and output port is symmetrically formed, which are identical. WDM_PHASAR design tool from Optiwave®, has been used to design two types of 4 channels AWG operating at central wavelength of 1.55 μm, with channel spacing of 0.8 nm and 9.6 nm, for DWDM and CWDM applications, respectively. The refractive index of BCB polymer core at 1.55 μm is 1.5556.The cladding is ORMOCER which is having a refractive index of 1.537, while the

1. INTRODUCTION Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is an approach that can exploit the huge opto-electronic bandwidth mismatch by requiring that each end-user’s equipment operate only at electronic rate, but multiple WDM channels from different end-users may be multiplexed on the same fiber. There are two alternatives for WDM metro networks: dense WDM (DWDM) and coarse WDM (CWDM). In high capacity environments, DWDM is used. In DWDM, the channel separation can be as small as 0.8 or 0.4 nm, for up to 80 optical channels at line rates up to 10 Gbps. DWDM technologies is very expensive, so its application to access